INDIA

Key Legislation

"Dura lex, sed lex" — The law is harsh, but it is the law

📜
Constitution of India
Lex Fundamentalis
Fundamental Rights, Directive Principles, Part III & IV. The supreme law governing all legal frameworks.
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Companies Act, 2013
Lex Corporatum
Incorporation, governance, directors' duties, mergers, winding up, CSR, related party transactions and NCLT jurisdiction.
⚖️
Arbitration & Conciliation Act, 1996
Lex Arbitri
Domestic & international arbitration, enforcement of awards, interim measures, fast-track procedure and the 2015/2019/2021 amendments.
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Insolvency & Bankruptcy Code, 2016
Lex Insolventia
CIRP, liquidation, personal insolvency, NCLT/NCLAT jurisdiction, CoC powers, resolution plans and cross-border insolvency.
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Competition Act, 2002
Lex Concurrentiae
Anti-competitive agreements, abuse of dominance, merger control (combinations), CCI powers, leniency and the 2023 amendment.
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Digital Personal Data Protection Act, 2023
Lex Digitale
Data fiduciaries, consent, data principal rights, cross-border transfers, Data Protection Board and significant data fiduciaries.
💡
Patents Act, 1970
Lex Patentum
Patent prosecution, compulsory licensing, Section 3(d), working of patents, opposition proceedings and TRIPS compliance.
™️
Trade Marks Act, 1999
Lex Sigillorum
Registration, infringement, passing off, well-known marks, Madrid Protocol, collective marks and certification marks.
🌍
FEMA, 1999
Lex Cambiaria
Foreign exchange regulation, FDI routes, ECBs, overseas investments, LRS, compounding of contraventions and RBI Master Directions.
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Indian Contract Act, 1872
Lex Contractus
Formation, performance, breach and remedies. Indemnity, guarantee, bailment, agency, and Section 27 (restraint of trade).
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SARFAESI Act, 2002
Lex Securitatis
Securitization, asset reconstruction, enforcement of security interest, DRT appeals and secured creditor rights.
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RERA, 2016
Lex Immobiliare
Real estate regulation, project registration, buyer protection, promoter obligations, RERA authority and appellate tribunal.
🇨🇦
Immigration & Refugee Protection Act (Canada)
Lex Migrationis Canadensis
Express Entry, Provincial Nominee Programs, work permits, LMIA, Start-up Visa, family sponsorship, refugee protection and removal orders.
🇬🇧
UK Immigration Act, 1971 & Immigration Rules
Lex Migrationis Britannica
Skilled Worker visa, Global Talent, Innovator Founder, Student visas, ILR, British citizenship, right of abode, and points-based system.
🇮🇳
Passports Act, 1967 & Citizenship Act, 1955 (India)
Lex Civitatis Indicae
Indian passport issuance, OCI cards, citizenship by birth/descent/registration/naturalisation, renunciation, deprivation and Foreigners Act, 1946.
🧾
Goods & Services Tax Acts, 2017
Lex Tributaria Indirecta
CGST, SGST, IGST — registration, input tax credit, e-invoicing, returns, assessment, anti-profiteering, and GST Council.
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Income Tax Act, 1961
Lex Tributaria Directa
Corporate tax, capital gains, TDS/TCS, transfer pricing, GAAR, international taxation, DTAA, reassessment, and ITAT appeals.
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Prevention of Money Laundering Act, 2002
Lex Contra Pecuniam Sordidam
ED powers, ECIR, provisional attachment, bail, adjudication, Benami Transactions Act, Black Money Act, and FATF compliance.
🚢
Customs Act, 1962
Lex Portorii
Import/export duties, valuation, classification, anti-dumping, AEO, bonded warehouses, smuggling, and CESTAT appeals.